The volitional form of a verb is used to make an informal suggestion or invitation, similar to "Let's..." in English. It can also be used to express one's own intention, like "I think I'll...". This form is primarily used in casual conversation with friends, family, and peers.
01
Forming the Volitional Form
The conjugation method depends on the verb group.
Group 1 (五段 (godan) / う (u)-verbs)
Change the final u-vowel sound to an o-vowel sound and add (uuうウ).
- For verbs ending in (kukuくク) → (kōkôこうコウ)
- For verbs ending in (mumuむム) → (mōmôもうモウ)
- For verbs ending in (uuうウ) → (ōôおうオウ)
公園へ行こう。
kōen e ikō.kôen e ikô.こうえん へ いこう.コウエン ヘ イコウ.
Let's go to the park.
この本を読もう。
kono hon o yomō.kono hon o yomô.この ほん を よもう.コノ ホン ヲ ヨモウ.
Let's read this book.
新しい車を買おう。
atarashii kuruma o kaō.atarasii kuruma o kaô.あたらしい くるま を かおう.アタラシイ クルマ ヲ カオウ.
Let's buy a new car.
Group 2 (一段 (ichidan) / る (ru)-verbs)
Replace the final (ruruるル) with (yōyôようヨウ).
映画を見よう。
eiga o miyō.eiga o miyô.えいが を みよう.エイガ ヲ ミヨウ.
Let's watch a movie.
そろそろ寝よう。
sorosoro neyō.sorosoro neyô.そろそろ ねよう.ソロソロ ネヨウ.
Let's go to sleep soon.
窓を開けよう。
mado o akeyō.mado o akeyô.まど を あけよう.マド ヲ アケヨウ.
Let's open the window.
Group 3 (Irregular Verbs)
The two irregular verbs have unique forms that must be memorized.
- (surusuruするスル) becomes (shiyōsiyôしようシヨウ)
- (kurukuruくるクル) becomes (koyōkoyôこようコヨウ)
一緒に勉強しよう。
issho ni benkyō shiyō.issyo ni benkyô siyô.いっしょ に べんきょう しよう.イッショ ニ ベンキョウ シヨウ.
Let's study together.
明日、私のうちに来よう。
ashita, watashi no uchi ni koyō.asita, watasi no uti ni koyô.あした, わたし の うち に こよう.アシタ, ワタシ ノ ウチ ニ コヨウ.
Let's come to my house tomorrow.
02
Asking "Shall We...?" with か (ka)
Adding the question particle (kakaかカ) after the volitional form softens the suggestion into a question. This is used to seek agreement or input from the listener, similar to "Shall we...?" or "How about we...?"
何を食べようか?
nani o tabeyō ka?nani o tabeyô ka?なに を たべよう か?ナニ ヲ タベヨウ カ?
What shall we eat?
どの映画を見ようか。
dono eiga o miyō ka.dono eiga o miyô ka.どの えいが を みよう か.ドノ エイガ ヲ ミヨウ カ.
Which movie shall we watch?
少し休憩しようか。
sukoshi kyūkei shiyō ka.sukosi kyûkei siyô ka.すこし きゅうけい しよう か.スコシ キュウケイ シヨウ カ.
Shall we take a little break?
03
Expressing Personal Intention
Beyond invitations, the volitional form is also used to express a personal decision or intention, often one made on the spot. In this context, it translates closer to "I think I'll..." or "I've decided to...". This is a self-directed statement, even if said aloud to others.
疲れたから、もう帰ろう。
tsukareta kara, mō kaerō.tsukareta kara, mô kaerô.つかれた から, もう かえろう.ツカレタ カラ, モウ カエロウ.
I'm tired, so I think I'll go home now.
よし、これを買おう。
yoshi, kore o kaō.yosi, kore o kaô.よし, これ を かおう.ヨシ, コレ ヲ カオウ.
Alright, I'll buy this one.
明日は早く起きよう。
ashita wa hayaku okiyō.asita wa hayaku okiyô.あした は はやく おきよう.アシタ ハ ハヤク オキヨウ.
I'll wake up early tomorrow.
04
Informal vs. Polite Invitations
The volitional form is strictly for informal situations. For polite invitations to colleagues, superiors, or strangers, the (mashōmasyôましょうマショウ) form is used instead. Both forms translate to "Let's...", but their level of politeness is very different.
Casual
一緒に帰ろう。
issho ni kaerō.issyo ni kaerô.いっしょ に かえろう.イッショ ニ カエロウ.
Let's go home together.
Polite
一緒に帰りましょう。
issho ni kaerimashō.issyo ni kaerimasyô.いっしょ に かえりましょう.イッショ ニ カエリマショウ.
Let's go home together.
Casual
始めよう。
hajimeyō.hajimeyô.はじめよう.ハジメヨウ.
Let's start.
Polite
始めましょう。
hajimemashō.hajimemasyô.はじめましょう.ハジメマショウ.
Let's start.
In the course
Sentences from Lingora’s Japanese course
8 of the course's 500 sentences use this, the first in lesson 9. A few of them, with the words “Informal Invitations with -う” is about in bold:
うん。中華料理を食べよう。
un. chūka ryōri o tabeyō.un. tyûka ryôri o tabeyô.うん. ちゅうか りょうり を たべよう.ウン. チュウカ リョウリ ヲ タベヨウ.
Yes. Let's eat Chinese food.
Lesson 127
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