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Japanese grammar · A1

Honorific Verbal Nouns with お-

The prefix - (o-) is attached to the stem of a verb to create a verbal noun that shows respect for the person performing the action. This is a fundamental component of honorific language (keigokeigoけいごケイゴ) and is used when speaking to or about superiors, customers, or anyone to whom you wish to show deference.

The verb stem is the form of the verb that appears before (masumasuますマス) in the polite form.

  • (kaku, to write) → (kakimasukakimasuかきますカキマス) → Stem: (kakikakiかきカキ) → Honorific noun: (okakiokakiおかきオカキ)
  • (matsu, to wait) → (machimasumatimasuまちますマチマス) → Stem: (machimatiまちマチ) → Honorific noun: (omachiomatiおまちオマチ)

01

Common Usage Patterns

These honorific verbal nouns are rarely used alone. They typically appear in set grammatical patterns to form polite verbs and requests.

1. お- (o-) + Verb Stem + になる (ni naru)

This is the standard way to create a respectful verb that elevates the subject's action. It is equivalent to a regular verb but much more polite.

  • 社長はもうお帰りになりましたか?

    shachō wa mō okaeri ni narimashita ka?syatyô wa mô okaeri ni narimasita ka?しゃちょう は もう おかえり に なりました か?シャチョウ ハ モウ オカエリ ニ ナリマシタ カ?

    Has the company president already gone home?

  • 先生がこの本をお書きになりました。

    sensei ga kono hon o okaki ni narimashita.sensei ga kono hon o okaki ni narimasita.せんせい が この ほん を おかき に なりました.センセイ ガ コノ ホン ヲ オカキ ニ ナリマシタ.

    The teacher wrote this book.

  • 何時ごろお戻りになりますか。

    nanji goro omodori ni narimasu ka.nanji goro omodori ni narimasu ka.なんじ ごろ おもどり に なります か.ナンジ ゴロ オモドリ ニ ナリマス カ.

    Around what time will you be returning?

2. お- (o-) + Verb Stem + ください (kudasai)

This pattern is used to make a very polite request, often heard in customer service or formal settings. It is more formal than the standard (-te kudasai-te kudasai-て ください-テ クダサイ) form.

  • こちらの椅子にお座りください。

    kochira no isu ni osuwari kudasai.kotira no isu ni osuwari kudasai.こちら の いす に おすわり ください.コチラ ノ イス ニ オスワリ クダサイ.

    Please sit in this chair.

  • 少々お待ちください。

    shōshō omachi kudasai.syôsyô omati kudasai.しょうしょう おまち ください.ショウショウ オマチ クダサイ.

    Please wait a moment.

3. お- (o-) + Verb Stem + です (desu)

This is a slightly less formal, but still very polite, way to form a respectful verb. It is common in service industries and is often used in questions.

  • おタバコはお吸いですか?

    otabako wa osui desu ka?otabako wa osui desu ka?おたばこ は おすい です か?オタバコ ハ オスイ デス カ?

    Do you smoke? (Lit: Are you a smoker?)

  • どちらにお住まいですか?

    dochira ni osumai desu ka?dotira ni osumai desu ka?どちら に おすまい です か?ドチラ ニ オスマイ デス カ?

    Where do you live?

  • もうお決まりですか?

    mō okimari desu ka?mô okimari desu ka?もう おきまり です か?モウ オキマリ デス カ?

    Have you decided yet? (e.g., at a restaurant)

02

Respectful (Sonkeigo) vs. Humble (Kenjōgo)

The - (o-) prefix is also used in humble language (kenjōgokenjôgoけんじょうごケンジョウゴ), which can be a point of confusion. The key is the verb that follows the verbal noun. Humble forms are used to lower the status of your own actions, thereby showing respect to the listener.

  • Respectful: - (o-) + Verb Stem + (ni naruni naruに なるニ ナル) - Used for other people's actions.
  • Humble: - (o-) + Verb Stem + (surusuruするスル) / (itasuitasuいたすイタス) - Used for your own actions.

Compare the following:

  • お客様がお持ちになります。

    okyakusama ga omochi ni narimasu.okyakusama ga omoti ni narimasu.おきゃくさま が おもち に なります.オキャクサマ ガ オモチ ニ ナリマス.

    The customer will carry it. (Respectful)

  • 私がお持ちします。

    watashi ga omochi shimasu.watasi ga omoti simasu.わたし が おもち します.ワタシ ガ オモチ シマス.

    I will carry it (for you). (Humble)

03

Verbs That Do Not Use お-

This pattern is primarily used with native Japanese verbs (wagowagoわごワゴ).

  • Sino-Japanese verbs (kangokangoかんごカンゴ), which are typically two-kanji compounds used with (surusuruするスル), use the prefix - (go-) instead. For example, (renraku sururenraku suruれんらく するレンラク スル) becomes (gorenrakugorenrakuごれんらくゴレンラク).
  • Verbs with single-syllable stems (e.g., (mirumiruみるミル), (neruneruねるネル)) do not use this pattern. They have their own special honorific forms, such as (goran ni narugoran ni naruごらん に なるゴラン ニ ナル) and (oyasumi ni naruoyasumi ni naruおやすみ に なるオヤスミ ニ ナル).
  • Some common verbs have completely irregular honorific forms, such as (ikuikuいくイク) → (irassharuirassyaruいらっしゃるイラッシャル) and (taberutaberuたべるタベル) → (meshiagarumesiagaruめしあがるメシアガル).

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