The passive voice is used to describe an action from the perspective of the person or thing that receives it. The focus shifts from the doer of the action (the agent) to the one being affected. While English has a passive voice, it is used more widely and in different contexts in Japanese, particularly to express that the subject was affected by an event, often negatively.
01
Forming the Passive Voice
The conjugation for the passive form depends on the verb group. All passive verbs conjugate like (ichidanitidanいちだんイチダン) ( (ruruるル)-verbs) once formed.
一段 (ichidan) (る (ru)-verbs)
Remove the final (ruruるル) and add (rarerurareruられるラレル).
- (mirumiruみるミル) → (mirarerumirareruみられるミラレル) - to be seen
- (taberutaberuたべるタベル) → (taberarerutaberareruたべられるタベラレル) - to be eaten
- (homeruhomeruほめるホメル) → (homerareruhomerareruほめられるホメラレル) - to be praised
五段 (godan) (う (u)-verbs)
Change the final u-sound vowel to its corresponding a-sound vowel and add (rerureruれるレル).
- (kakukakuかくカク) → (kakarerukakareruかかれるカカレル) - to be written
- (hanasuhanasuはなすハナス) → (hanasareruhanasareruはなされるハナサレル) - to be spoken
- (yobuyobuよぶヨブ) → (yobareruyobareruよばれるヨバレル) - to be called
- (matsumatsuまつマツ) → (matarerumatareruまたれるマタレル) - to be waited for
- For verbs ending in (uuうウ), the vowel changes to (wawaはハ): (iuiuいうイウ) → (iwareruiwareruいわれるイワレル) - to be said
Irregular Verbs
There are two irregular verbs.
- (surusuruするスル) → (sarerusareruされるサレル) - to be done
- (kurukuruくるクル) → (korarerukorareruこられるコラレル) - to be come
02
Direct Passive
The direct passive is most similar to the English passive. The person or thing that was the direct object of an active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. The agent (the doer) is marked by the particle (niniにニ).
This form is often used when the agent is unknown, unimportant, or when you want to focus on the object that received the action.
私は先生に褒められました。
watashi wa sensei ni homeraremashita.watasi wa sensei ni homeraremasita.わたし は せんせい に ほめられました.ワタシ ハ センセイ ニ ホメラレマシタ.
I was praised by the teacher.
このビルは3年前に建てられました。
kono biru wa sannen mae ni tateraremashita.kono biru wa sannen mae ni tateraremasita.この びる は さんねん まえ に たてられました.コノ ビル ハ サンネン マエ ニ タテラレマシタ.
This building was built three years ago.
その本は世界中の人々に読まれている。
sono hon wa sekaijū no hitobito ni yomarete iru.sono hon wa sekaijû no hitobito ni yomarete iru.その ほん は せかいじゅう の ひとびと に よまれて いる.ソノ ホン ハ セカイジュウ ノ ヒトビト ニ ヨマレテ イル.
That book is read by people all over the world.
03
Indirect (Adversative) Passive
This is a unique feature where the subject is indirectly and usually negatively affected by an action performed by someone or something else. The subject of the passive sentence might not even be present in the corresponding active sentence. This is often called the "suffering passive" because it implies the subject was inconvenienced or harmed.
私は雨に降られた。
watashi wa ame ni furareta.watasi wa ame ni furareta.わたし は あめ に ふられた.ワタシ ハ アメ ニ フラレタ.
I was rained on. (Literally: I was affected by the rain falling.)
弟にパソコンを壊された。
otōto ni pasokon o kowasareta.otôto ni pasokon o kowasareta.おとうと に ぱそこん を こわされた.オトウト ニ パソコン ヲ コワサレタ.
My younger brother broke my computer. (Literally: I was affected by my younger brother breaking the computer.)
赤ちゃんに夜中に泣かれて、寝られなかった。
akachan ni yonaka ni nakarete, nerarenakatta.akatyan ni yonaka ni nakarete, nerarenakatta.あかちゃん に よなか に なかれて, ねられなかった.アカチャン ニ ヨナカ ニ ナカレテ, ネラレナカッタ.
The baby cried in the middle of the night, so I couldn't sleep. (Literally: I was affected by the baby crying...)
04
Possessive Passive
A common type of indirect passive is the possessive passive. This is used when an action is done to something belonging to the subject. The sentence structure is often: Subject (wawaはハ) Agent (niniにニ) Possession (ooをヲ) Verb(passive).
私は泥棒に財布を盗まれた。
watashi wa dorobō ni saifu o nusumareta.watasi wa dorobô ni saifu o nusumareta.わたし は どろぼう に さいふ を ぬすまれた.ワタシ ハ ドロボウ ニ サイフ ヲ ヌスマレタ.
I had my wallet stolen by a thief.
彼は誰かに足を踏まれた。
kare wa dareka ni ashi o fumareta.kare wa dareka ni asi o fumareta.かれ は だれか に あし を ふまれた.カレ ハ ダレカ ニ アシ ヲ フマレタ.
He had his foot stepped on by someone.
05
Passive for Politeness (Honorifics)
The passive form (ー(ra)reruー(ra)reruー(ら)れるー(ラ)レル) is also used as a form of respectful or honorific language ( (sonkeigosonkeigoそんけいごソンケイゴ)). In this case, it doesn't carry a passive meaning. Instead, it elevates the subject (the doer of the action) and shows respect towards them.
社長はもう帰られました。
shachō wa mō kaeraremashita.syatyô wa mô kaeraremasita.しゃちょう は もう かえられました.シャチョウ ハ モウ カエラレマシタ.
The company president has already gone home. (respectful)
先生はこの本を読まれましたか。
sensei wa kono hon o yomaremashita ka.sensei wa kono hon o yomaremasita ka.せんせい は この ほん を よまれました か.センセイ ハ コノ ホン ヲ ヨマレマシタ カ.
Teacher, have you read this book? (respectful)
Note that for (ichidanitidanいちだんイチダン) verbs, this honorific form is identical to the potential form ("can do"). For example, (mirarerumirareruみられるミラレル) can mean to be seen, can see, or be a respectful way of saying to see. Context is essential to determine the correct meaning.
In the course
Sentences from Lingora’s Japanese course
4 of the course's 500 sentences use this, the first in lesson 246. A few of them, with the words “Passive Voice” is about in bold:
明日には戻られますか?
ashita ni wa modoraremasu ka?asita ni wa modoraremasu ka?あした に は もどられます か?アシタ ニ ハ モドラレマス カ?
Will you be back tomorrow?
Lesson 258
Comments
Loading comments…