A Russian adjective agrees with its noun in gender, number and case. In the dictionary it appears in the masculine nominative singular, ending in -ый, -ий or -ой; every other form changes the ending.
01
The Nominative
- Masculine: -ый, -ий or stressed -ой - (nóvyynóvyj), (khoróshiyxoróšij), (bol'shóybolʹšój)
- Feminine: -ая or -яя - (nóvayanóvaja), (sínyayasínjaja)
- Neuter: -ое or -ее - (nóvoyenóvoje), (khorósheyexoróšeje)
- Plural, all genders: -ые or -ие - (nóvyyenóvyje), (khoróshiyexoróšije)
Э́то мой но́вый дом.
Éto moy nóvyy dom.Éto moj nóvyj dom.
This is my new house.
Э́та кни́га ста́рая.
Éta kníga stáraya.Éta kníga stáraja.
This book is old.
Э́то ста́рое ра́дио.
Éto stároye rádio.Éto stároje rádio.
It's an old radio.
Мои́ ру́чки о́чень ста́рые.
Moí rúchki óchen' stáryye.Moí rúčki óčenʹ stáryje.
My pens are very old.
02
Hard and Soft Adjectives
Most adjectives are hard, with ы, а and о in their endings. A small group of soft adjectives, mostly about time and place, have и, я and е instead: (síniysínij) (dark blue), (létniylétnij) (summer), (poslédniyposlédnij) (last).
Э́то после́дний авто́бус.
Éto poslédniy avtóbus.Éto poslédnij avtóbus.
This is the last bus.
The spelling rule changes ы to и after к, г, х, ж, ш, ч and щ, and unstressed о to е after ж, ш, ч, щ and ц: (rússkiyrússkij), (khoróshiyxoróšij), (khorósheyexoróšeje).
03
The Cases
The endings of the other cases follow a regular pattern for each gender.
- Genitive: -ого (m./n.), -ой (f.), -ых (pl.)
- Dative: -ому (m./n.), -ой (f.), -ым (pl.)
- Accusative: like the nominative or genitive (m.), -ую (f.)
- Instrumental: -ым (m./n.), -ой (f.), -ыми (pl.)
- Prepositional: -ом (m./n.), -ой (f.), -ых (pl.)
The г of -ого is pronounced в.
Хоро́шего дня.
Khoróshego dnya.Xoróšego dnja.
Have a nice day.
Я дам тебе́ аспири́н от головно́й бо́ли.
Ya dam tebé aspirín ot golovnóy bóli.Ja dam tebé aspirín ot golovnój bóli.
I'll give you aspirin for the headache.
Я хочу́ купи́ть но́вую маши́ну.
Ya khochú kupít' nóvuyu mashínu.Ja xočú kupítʹ nóvuju mašínu.
I want to buy a new car.
Рестора́н нахо́дится над железнодоро́жным вокза́лом.
Restorán nakhóditsya nad zheleznodorózhnym vokzálom.Restorán naxóditsja nad železnodoróžnym vokzálom.
The restaurant is above the railway station.
Есть мно́го свобо́дных вака́нсий.
Yest' mnógo svobódnykh vakánsiy.Jestʹ mnógo svobódnyx vakánsij.
There are many open vacancies.
04
Adjectives Used as Nouns
Some adjectives are used on their own, as nouns, but keep their adjective endings: (stolóvayastolóvaja) (canteen), (vánnayavánnaja) (bathroom), (morózhenoyemoróženoje) (ice cream), (vzróslyyvzróslyj) (adult).
Я люблю́ моро́женое.
Ya lyublyú morózhenoye.Ja ljubljú moróženoje.
I love ice cream.
05
Position
An adjective normally comes before its noun. When it follows the noun, it usually tells you something new about it.
У меня́ больша́я семья́.
U menyá bol'sháya sem'yá.U menjá bolʹšája semʹjá.
I have a big family.
In the course
Sentences from Lingora’s Russian course
155 of the course's 500 sentences use this, the first in lesson 8. A few of them, with the words “Adjectives: Declension” is about in bold:
Эта вода холодная. Та вода горячая.
Éta vodá kholódnaya. Ta vodá goryáchaya.Éta vodá xolódnaja. Ta vodá gorjáčaja.
This water is cold. That water is hot.
Lesson 68
У неё медленная, дешёвая машина.
U neyó médlennaya, deshóvaya mashína.U nejó médlennaja, dešóvaja mašína.
She has a slow, cheap car.
Lesson 110
Да. Давай поедим китайскую еду.
Da. Daváy poyedím kitáyskuyu yedú.Da. Daváj pojedím kitájskuju jedú.
Yes. Let's eat Chinese food.
Lesson 127
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