The Russian past tense is the easiest tense to form. It does not change for I, you or they. Instead, it agrees with the subject in gender and number, the way an adjective does.
01
Forming the Past
Take the infinitive, remove -ть, and add:
- -л for a masculine subject
- -ла for a feminine subject
- -ло for a neuter subject
- -ли for any plural subject
- (on chitálon čitál) - he read, was reading
- (oná chitálaoná čitála) - she read
- (onó chitáloonó čitálo) - it read
- (oní chitálioní čitáli) - they read
Мой оте́ц купи́л пода́рок.
Moy otéts kupíl podárok.Moj otéc kupíl podárok.
My father bought a present.
Я купи́ла деся́ток яи́ц.
Ya kupíla desyátok yaíts.Ja kupíla desjátok jaíc.
I bought ten eggs.
Мы сде́лали э́то.
My sdélali éto.
We did it.
02
"I" and "You" Show Gender
Because the past has no person endings, я and (ty) take the form that matches the speaker's or listener's sex. A man says (ya bylja byl), a woman says (ya bylája bylá). (Vy), even to one person, always takes the plural.
Когда́ я был мо́лод, я жил в Кита́е.
Kogdá ya byl mólod, ya zhil v Kitáye.Kogdá ja byl mólod, ja žil v Kitáje.
When I was young, I lived in China.
Ты ходи́ла в шко́лу вчера́?
Ty khodíla v shkólu vcherá?Ty xodíla v škólu včerá?
Did you go to school yesterday?
Вы успе́ли на по́езд?
Vy uspéli na póyezd?Vy uspéli na pójezd?
Did you make the train?
03
Reflexive Verbs
The reflexive ending comes after the past ending: -ся after a consonant, -сь after a vowel.
Что случи́лось?
Chto sluchílos'?Čto slučílosʹ?
What happened?
Я простуди́лся.
Ya prostudílsya.Ja prostudílsja.
I caught a cold.
Как вам понра́вилась еда́?
Kak vam ponrávilas' yedá?Kak vam ponrávilasʹ jedá?
How did you like the food?
04
Both Aspects Have a Past
The imperfective past describes an ongoing or repeated action; the perfective past reports a completed one.
Ты покупа́л э́ти возду́шные шары́?
Ty pokupál éti vozdúshnyye sharý?Ty pokupál éti vozdúšnyje šarý?
Were you buying these balloons?
Я сдал экза́мен.
Ya sdal ekzámen.Ja sdal ekzámen.
I passed the exam.
05
Irregular Past Forms
Verbs whose infinitive does not end in a vowel + -ть have a past that must be learned.
- (idtí) - (sholšol), (shlašla), (shlošlo), (shlišli)
- (moch'močʹ) - (mog), (moglá), (moglí)
- (umerét'umerétʹ) - (úmer), (umerlá)
- (voytívojtí) - (voshólvošól), (voshlávošlá)
Я вошёл.
Ya voshól.Ja vošól.
I came in.
Моя́ ба́бушка умерла́ в феврале́.
Moyá bábushka umerlá v fevralé.Mojá bábuška umerlá v fevralé.
My grandmother died in February.
06
Moving Stress
In a number of short verbs the feminine form takes the stress on the ending, while the others keep it on the stem.
- (byl), (bylá), (býlo), (býli)
- (dal), (dalá), (dáli)
- (náchalnáčal), (nachalánačalá), (náchalináčali)
Э́то бы́ло интере́сно.
Éto býlo interésno.
That was interesting.
В про́шлом году́ я начала́ но́вую рабо́ту.
V próshlom godú ya nachalá nóvuyu rabótu.V próšlom godú ja načalá nóvuju rabótu.
Last year I started a new job.
In the course
Sentences from Lingora’s Russian course
71 of the course's 500 sentences use this, the first in lesson 47. A few of them, with the words “Verbs: Past Tense” is about in bold:
Я купила десяток яиц и для тебя шоколадку тоже.
Ya kupíla desyátok yaíts i dlya tebyá shokoládku tózhe.Ja kupíla desjátok jaíc i dlja tebjá šokoládku tóže.
I bought a dozen eggs and a candy bar for you too.
Lesson 47
Я пошла в торговый центр.
Ya poshlá v torgóvyy tsentr.Ja pošlá v torgóvyj centr.
I went to the shopping mall.
Lesson 172
Я тебя не видела девять лет!
Ya tebyá ne vídela dévyat' let!Ja tebjá ne vídela dévjatʹ let!
I haven't seen you for nine years!
Lesson 175
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